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On this day in 1801 – January 1st – Giuseppe Piazzi discovered Ceres.

Ceres was the first object discovered in what's now known as the asteroid belt. It was at first considered a planet, then an asteroid, and is now classed as a dwarf planet.

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On this day in 1925 – January 1st – Edwin Hubble read to the American Astronomical Society what would be a ground-breaking paper.

Hubble showed that the Andromeda "nebula" wasn't an object in the Milky Way, but a galaxy in its own right. Here is picture of the glass plate on which Hubble discovered a Cepheid variable - marked VAR! - in the Andromeda galaxy. From this he determined that it was too far away to be located in our own galaxy.

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On this day in 1871 – January 2nd – the American astronomer Anne Sewell Young was born in Bloomington, Wisconsin.

In 1899 she went to teach at Mount Holyoke College where she was appointed director of the observatory of the John Payson Williston Observatory. She remained there until her retirement. Young's primary astronomical interest was in variable stars, and she was one of the eight original members of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO).

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On this day in 1920 – January 2nd – American author and scientist Isaac Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Soviet Russia.

(The exact date of Asimov's birth was unknown due to the state of record-keeping, but he always celebrated on January 2nd.) Asimov was a professor of chemistry, and also a prolific writer on many subjects. He's best remembered for his works of science fiction and of popular science, including astronomy.

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On this day in 1959 – January 2nd – the Soviet Union's Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to leave the Earth's gravitational field.

Luna 1 passed to within 6000 km of the Moon, and ended up in orbit around the Sun.

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On this day in 2004 – January 3rd – NASA's rover Spirit landed on Mars.

Along with the Opportunity rover, the rovers' mission was designed to last for just over three months. Spirit was active until 2010.

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On this day in 1643 – January 4th – Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, England.

The great physicist and mathematician was born on Christmas Day 1642, according to the Julian Calendar then in use. Nearly a century later England adopted the Gregorian calendar, and the equivalent date is ten days later.

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On this day in 1797 – January 4th – German amateur astronomer Wilhelm Beer was born in Berlin.

Beer was an amateur astronomer, who with Johannes Heinrich Maedler, published the first map of the Moon (Mappa Salenographica). They also made a map of Mars and calculated the planet's rotation period to within 0.1 second of today's figure.

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On this day in 1892 – January 5th – the first successful photograph was taken of an aurora.

Early cameras couldn't catch the dim light of an aurora, and long exposures didn't capture the movement. German physicist Martin Brendel and a fellow scientist, on an expedition in northern Norway, took the first successful image, and revolutionized the study of the northern lights.

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On this day in 2005 – January 5th – astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chadwick A. Trujillo and David L. Rabinowitz discovered Eris.

Eris is a trans-Neptunian object orbiting the Sun once every 557 years at an average distance of 1.7 times that of Pluto. It's slightly smaller than Pluto, but more massive, and was thought to be a 10th planet. But Eris and Pluto were finally defined as dwarf planets by the International Astronomical Union.

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