The increases are made by 2TR (DC in US terms) in the 2nd last TR then 1 TR in the last.
The second question about the cast off, they mean if you are at the beginning of your row slip stitch across the unwanted ones till you get to where you will continue in your pattern as normal. Continue number of stitches you need and finish off there. Does this make any sense? You could just finish off and re join where you need but this saves you breaking the yarn till you have to.