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On this day in 1918 – August 26th – Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson was born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia.
Katherine Johnson was an African-American mathematician whose calculations of orbital mechanics as a NASA employee were important for the success of the first and subsequent U.S. manned spaceflights.
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On this day in 1962 – August 27th – NASA's Mariner 2 spacecraft was launched.
This probe to Venus was the first robotic space probe to conduct a successful planetary encounter.
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. On this day in 1789 – August 28th – William Herschel discovered Enceladus, a moon of Saturn..
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On this day in 1993 – August 28th – NASA's Galileo spacecraft did a flyby of asteroid Ida.
Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft that probed the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as some other Solar System objects on its way to the Jovian system
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On this day in 1745 – August 30th – German astronomer Johann Hieronymus Schröter was born in Erfurt, Germany.
He built his own observatory and devoted himself primarily to solar and planetary astronomy. His two volumes on lunar topography reached levels of detail that were to remain unsurpassed for many years.
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. On this day in 1913 – August 31st – English radio astronomer Bernard Lovell was born in Oldland Common, Gloucestershire.Lovell was a pioneer of radio astronomy and founded the Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, England in 1945. When the telescope was built there - later named the Lovell Telescope - it was for many years the largest steerable radio telescope in the world..
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On this day in 1979 – September 1st – NASA's probe Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to fly past Saturn.
Pioneer 11 is now nearly nearly 112 times farther from the Sun than Earth is - the spacecraft's final signal was received in 2003.
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On this day in 1970 – September 3rd – NASA cancelled the last two planned lunar landings.
Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were officially cancelled following cuts to NASA's budget for 1971. The Cold War political point had been made and the public had also lost interest after the excitement of Apollo 11.
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On this day in 2006 – September 3rd – ESA's SMART-1 spacecraft ended its mission when it was deliberately crashed into the Moon's surface.
SMART-1 spent 16 months testing testing innovative and miniaturised space technologies. It also produced detailed maps of the Moon's chemical make-up, to help refine theories about its birth.
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On this day in 1908 – September 5th – Edoardo Amaldi, cosmic-ray physicist, was born in Carpaneto Piacentino, Italy.
The reconstruction of the Italian scientific environment after World War II was due almost entirely to Amaldi, and he was one of the founding fathers of the European Space Research Organisation which would later become the European Space Agency (ESA).
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