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. On this day in 1625 – June 8th – Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico (Jean-Dominique) Cassini was born in Perinaldo, Italy.Cassini was one of the most important astronomers of the 17-18th centuries, and was the first of four Cassinis to direct the Paris Observatory. The NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn bore his name because of his study of Saturn, which included the discovery of four of Saturn's moons..
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. On this day in 1812 – June 9th – German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle was born in Radis, Kingdom of Saxony.Galle is best known for his being the first person to see the planet Neptune, knowing what he was seeing. This followed his search for the planet using the calculations Urbain Le Verrier had sent him. (Who discovered Neptune?).
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On this day in 1975 – June 9th – the Soviet Union launched the Venera 9 mission.
It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiter was the first spacecraft to orbit Venus, while the lander was the first to return images from the surface of another planet.
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. On this day in 2003 – June 10th – NASA's Mars rover Spirit was launched.The original plan was for a three-month mission, but the mission wasn't finally terminated until May 2011..
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On this day in 1985 – June 11th – the descent module of the Soviet craft Vega 1 arrived on Venus.
After releasing the descent module, the probe Vega 1 got a gravitational assist from Venus and continued its journey to intercept Comet Halley.
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On this day in 1922 – June 12th – Italian astrophysicist and populariser of science Margherita Hack was born in Florence.
She became a full professor of astronomy at the University of Trieste and the administrator of the Trieste Astronomical Observatory, the first woman in Italy to hold either of such positions. Hack received national and international recognition for her innovations at the observatory and her promotion of astronomy to the public.
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On this day in 1611 – June 13th – the first documented report in Europe on the phenomenon of sunspots was published.
Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and Their Apparent Rotation with the Sun was the work of Frisian/German astronomer Johannes Fabricius.
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On this day in 1831 – June 13th – Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was born in Edinburgh.
Maxwell showed that electricity, magnetism, and light are all aspects of the same phenomenon, electromagnetism. His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics.
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On this day in 1983 – June 13th – Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Neptune, our outermost planet.
Pioneer 10 was the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System.
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On this day in 2010 – June 13th – the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa ("Peregrine Falcon") returned the first ever samples from an asteroid.
Hayabusa had studied asteroid 25143 Itokawa from orbit and then landed on the asteroid to collect small grains of material.
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