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Hubble isn't the only telescope. In fact its successor James Webb Space Telescope should be ready to launch next year.

Chris Gunn explains that
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in preparation for testing, the 'wings' of the mirror (which consist of the three segments on each side) were spread open. This photo shows one fully deployed wing, and one that is moments from being fully deployed. An engineer observes the move.


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ESA's Herschel Space Observatory studied the cosmos in infrared. It was decommissioned in 2003 when the coolant ran out and it could no longer operate.

The Herschel Space Observatory was named in honor of William Herschel who discovered infrared radiation, and his sister Caroline who worked with him. What's infrared? Who launched the telescope? What did we learn from it? Find out in Astronomy ABC - H for Herschel Space Observatory


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The Herschel Space Observatory didn't go into space alone. ESA launched it along with the Planck Space Observatory.

Planck's job was to map at high resolution that cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is radiation that permeates the Universe, left over from the extremely early Universe. Planck's measurements have provided data to help test theories of, for example, the early Universe and the origin of galaxies.

Artist's impression of the Planck spacecraft (Image credit: ESA/AOES Medialab)


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NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory views the cosmos through radiation at the opposite end of the spectrum to Herschel, James Webb and Planck. While they're looking at cold phenomena with longer waves, Chandra detects hot and energetic events that produce short waves.


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The Hubble view of M51 is a real beauty, isn't it? "Long lanes of stars and gas laced with dust" form the spiral arms. M51 is interacting with a companion galaxy which you can see in the upper left of the image. The companion's gravitational influence is triggering star formation in the Whirlpool, as seen by the numerous clusters of bright, young stars (red). (Credit: NASA/ESA/S. Beckwith & Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA))

The Herschel Space Observatory image isn't showing stars in the spiral arms. It's detecting the dust in the arms. In the color-coding used here, blue represents warmer regions and red shows cooler regions. The blue blobs in the arms are star-forming regions where the young stars are heating up the dust. The companion galaxy is being affected by the gravitational stress of merging with M51. Its bright blue color shows that star formation has been triggered in the encounter.

Here is Chandra's X-ray view of M51 which also includes optical data from Hubble. All the purple stuff is X-rays. The fuzzy purple areas show gas that's been superheated by supernova explosions. Most the bright dots of purple light are binary stars, containing either a neutron star or black hole orbiting a sunlike star. (Neutron stars and black holes are the remnants of the cores of massive stars that have exploded as supernovae.)


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This Herschel image of the Eagle Nebula is a composite using three colors. Herschel was an infrared telescope which is why it was able to penetrate layers of dust to see what was inside a secluded stellar nursery. Since our eyes can't see in infrared, each color represents a different infrared wavelength.

In 1995 the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s image of the Eagle Nebula became one of the iconic images of the 20th Century. That image showed the pillars, being gradually eaten away by ultraviolet light from nearby stars. The tips of the pillars were also found to contain star forming regions, which are known as EGGS (Evaporating Gaseous Globules). Herschel’s image shows the ‘Pillars of Creation’ - the circle on the picture outlines it.

ESA/PACS& SPIRE Consortium, Tracey Hill, Frédérique Motte, Laboratoire AIM
Paris - Saclay, CEA/IRFU - CNRS/INSU - Uni. Paris Diderot, HOBYS Key Programme
Consortia


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image of the Eagle Nebula

Beautiful as always.

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This startling image of the Polaris Flare is made from data collected by ESA's Planck mission.
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The Polaris Flare is a 10 light-year-wide bundle of dusty filaments in the constellation Ursa Minor (The Little Bear), some 500 light-years away. Scientists think that the Polaris Flare filaments could have been formed as a result of slow shockwaves pushing through a dense interstellar cloud. The shockwaves were themselves triggered by nearby exploding stars creating cloud-wide waves of turbulence.

This image is not a true-colour view, nor is it an artistic impression of the Flare. It comprises observations from Planck, which scanned and mapped the entire sky, looking for signs of ancient light (known as the cosmic microwave background) and cosmic dust emission. This dust emission allowed Planck to create this unique map of the sky – a magnetic map. The colours represent the intensity of dust emission.


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In this view of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) from ESA’s Herschel space observatory, cool lanes of forming stars are revealed in fine detail.

Sensitive to the far-infrared light from cool dust mixed in with gas, Herschel seeks out clouds of gas where stars are born. This image reveals some of the very coldest dust in the galaxy – only a few tens of degrees above absolute zero – colored red in this image.

By comparison, warmer regions such as the densely populated central bulge, home to older stars, take on a blue appearance.

Intricate structure is present throughout the 200,000 light-year-wide galaxy with star-formation zones organized in spiral arms and at least five concentric rings, interspersed with dark gaps where star formation is absent.

Host to several hundred billion stars, this new image of Andromeda clearly shows that many more stars will soon spark into existence.

Credits: ESA/PACS & SPIRE Consortium, O. Krause, HSC, H. Linz.


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This image from ESA's Herschel Space Observatory shows a giant star nursery in the constellation Vulpecula (the Fox)
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It's a three-color composite image. The diffuse glow reveals the widespread cold reservoir of raw material which our Milky Way galaxy has in stock for the production of new stars. Large-scale turbulence, possibly due to giant colliding Galactic flows, causes this material to condense into the web of filaments that we see throughout the image, and that will act as "incubators" where the material becomes colder and denser. Eventually gravitational forces will take over and fragment these filaments into chains of stellar embryos that can finally collapse to form infant stars.


Credit: ESA/PACS & SPIRE Consortium, Sergio Molinari, Hi-GAL Project


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